ABSTRACT

Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants Ryan amp; Majno, 1983. The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase1 and Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors have accelerated antiinflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research Ryan amp; Majno, 1983.

Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products. These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti inflammatory drugs.

Antiinflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of

Crateva adansonii showed significance antiinflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Inflammation is one of bodys natural ways of protecting itself. It is also an essential reaction of the body to infection. Too little of an inflammatory response, and the body is unable to repel microbial invasions or heal injuries. Too much of an inflammatory response, and the immune system begins attacking the bodys own organs eventually leading to chronic disease Sears, 2000.

AntiInflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. There are obvious clinical markers of inflammation which include pain, redness, fever, swelling and loss of function Pai et al. 2004. However if inflammation is allowed to continue unchecked it may results in neurodegenerative disease or cancer Pai et al. 2004. A variety of safe and effective antiinflammatory agents are available including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs NSAID are usually indicated for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation. NSAIDS work by reducing the production of prostaglandins Bayness amp; Marek, 2005. Prostaglandins are chemicals that promote inflammation, pain and fever. The enzymes that produce prostaglandins are phospholipaseA2, PGH2synthase and Cyclooxygenase Cox. There are two types of COX enzymes, cyclooxygenase1 Cox1 and cyclooxygenase2 Cox2. NSAIDS reduce the production of prostaglandin by inhibiting COX enzymes resultant effect is that, therefore, inflammation, pain and fever are reduced. Some herbs and plants possess antiinflammatory and they include:

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Crateva adansonii belonging to the family Capparacea and phylum Magnoliophyta is small tree of forest and

savanna woodland, often on riverbanks, widely distributed in Nigeria and across Africa. The leaves are applied externally to relieve pain in joint, the fresh juice of leaves is used for the relief of earache, eye infection and anodyne in toothache. Powder of bark is used in rheumatism, itch, epilepsy and asthma Sivarajan amp; Balachandran, 1994.

1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant.

The flowering tree Crateva adansonii is called the sacred garlic pear and temple plant. The tree is sometimes called the spider tree because the showy flowers bear long, spidery stamens. It is native to Japan, Australia, much of south East Asia and several south pacific Islands. It grows in forest and savanna woodland, often on riverbanks from Senegal to N Nigeria, and across Africa to Zaire, Tanganyika and Madagascar. The plants common name is amakarode in Igbo, In Yoruba, it is egunorun and in Hausa, it is ungududu. The tree attains approximately 15m height. The trunk is irregular, seldom straight, but is worthy of cultivation as an ornamental for its dense masses of white flowers borne at the ends of all the shoots. In the bush, owing to grass burning which it survives and repeated stripping of its leaves, the tree is often stunted. The wood is soft and yellow and strongsmelling when cut. The leaves are however eaten in soups or mixed with cereals. They are boiled and added to mixture called in Hausa Kwado containing a paste of locust beans, Parkia Spp. Leguminosae Mimisoideae. The Yoruba consumes the leaves as a potherb.

In upper volt they are the ingredient of sauces. To some people the leaves are taken only in time of dearth and they are sold in northern markets. The bark is widely used for stomachtroubles in Nigeria. In Jebel Marra a barkpaste is used as a poultice on swellings.

Crateva adansonii is a decidious plant with threepalmate leaves. The leaves are arranged opposite one another. They are elliptic with entire margins. The flowers are pale green. The plants bloom from March to May. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The fruits are berries. It can withstand temperatures above 1oc and 2oc Burkill, 1985.

Taxonomy

Family: Capparaceae

Genus: Crateva

Species: Crateva adansonii DC

Phylum/Division: Magnoliophyta

Sub division: Magnoliophytina

Classes: Rosopsida

Sub class: Dilleniidae

Super order: Violanae

Order: Capparales

The medicinal effect of Crateva adansonii plant bark is includes general healing, leprosy, stomach troubles. For the leaf, it is used in eye treatments, liver, for leaf; a painkiller, for roots, dropsy, swellings, edema, gout, veneral diseases. Powder of bark is used in rheumatism, itch, epilepsy and asthma.

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives

Aim:

To study the antiinflammatory effect of dichloromethane fraction extracts from Crateva adansonii on rats.

Objectives:

i To determine the antiinflammatory effect of Crateva adansonii extracts in methanol on rats.

ii To determine the phytochemicals present in Crateva adansonii extract in methanol on rats.