SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL IN GERIATRIC MEN, COMPERATIVE STUDIES

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

List of table and Figures v

Table of content vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.0: Introduction 1

1.1.0: The amount of calcium in the body 1

CHAPTER TWO

2.0.0: Literature review 3

2.1.0: Reasons for serum calcium test

2.2.0: Techniques for serum calcium test

2.3.0: Factors that determines the serum calcium test

2.4.0: Values of serum calcium fractions

2.5.0: Effects of abnormalities in serum calcium levels

2.6.0: Biological functions of inorganic ions

2.7.0: Clinical significance of serum calcium

2.7.1: Causes of hypocalcaemia

2.7.2: Causes of hypercalceamia

2.8.0: Effector organs

2.8.1: Sources

2.8.2: Excretion

2.8.3: The roles of bone

2.8.4: Interaction of calcium with other chemicals

2.8.5: Regulatory organs

CHAPTER THREE

3.0.0: Methodology/ Instruments

3.1.0: Instruments used

3.2.0: Collection of specimens

3.3.0: Methodology

3.3.1: Principle of the test

3.3.2: Procedure used

3.3.3: Calculation of the results

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.0: Experimental result

4.1.0: Statistical analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0.0:Discussion/ conclusion

5.1.0: Discussion

5.2.0: Conclusions

5.3.0: References

5.4.0: Recommendation

ABSTRACT

Calcium is the most important mineral in the body. The body needs calcium for normal functioning of nerves and muscles including the most important muscles of all which is the heart. Calcium is also important for healthy bones and teeth. The amount of calcium in the blood is carefully controlled by the bodys hormonal systems. The body gets calcium from diary products, some vegetables such as broccoli, and some fortified foods. Calcium can also be obtained from taken pills containing calcium. Most of the bodys calcium is stored in the bones and only small amount is found in the blood serum. Calcium is maintained within a fairly narrow range from 8.5 to 10.5mg/dl 4.3 to 5.3meq/l or 2.2 to 2.7mmol/l. The estimation of serum calcium level is fraught with possible errors. Several means of contamination might lead to false elevations of serum calcium concentration. Before the test is carried out, one does not need to fast or limit ones activity before the test. Rather certain medicine/drugs needed to be avoided before the test, because they might affect the test result. The result of the experiment can be calculated, since the differences in serum calcium is significance with the age differences. Those with the age bracket 50 years amp; above have lesser serum calcium level than those in the range of 20 to 30 years.